9.1. Basic Grammar used in Matthew 28:19-20
9.1.1.1.1. General Nature & Categories
Case, the Nature of: Case is a matter of function rather than form.[78] Its relation to the rest of the sentence determines the case of the Greek noun. There are eight cases depicted graphically in Table 3. Case Form, Function and Root Idea.
Table 3. Case Form, Function and Root Idea.
| Inflectional Form | Case | Root Idea |
| First | Nominative | Designation |
| Vocative | Address | |
| Second | Genitive | Definition |
| Ablative | Separation | |
| Third | Dative | Interest |
| Locative | Position (location) | |
| Instrumental | Means | |
| Fourth | Accusative | Limitation |
Nominative:
Primary and typical use is to designate an object concerning which the assertions in the predicate are being made.
Vocative:
The vocative is a noun, often with no grammatical relation, which is simply the object of address.
Genitive:
A noun used to define the character or relations of another.
Ablative:
A noun may be used to denote the point of departure, in a thought of removal or derivation.
Dative:
A noun may be used to indicate an object of interest or reference.
Locative:
A noun may be used to indicate the position of an object or action.
Instrumental:
A noun may be used to indicate the position of an object or action.
Accusative:
A noun may be used to limit an assertion.
For discussion on accusative case, see Accusative Case—Dana & Mantey.
In summary, the accusative case relates primarily to action, and indicates the direction (into), or end of action (into).
A noun may be used in some way to limit an assertion, which function we describe as the Accusative case.[79]
The accusative is used to express extent of space or time, answering the question how far? Or how long?[80]
Note: the subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case.[81]
There is also an accusative of specification. This is very much the same in meaning as the dative of respect, but is less frequently used.[82]
The accusative is certainly the most widely used of all the cases. Its function is more general than that of any other case. Truly it is “the normal oblique case for a noun unless there is some reason for it to be used in some other case.”
It relates primarily to action, and indicates the direction, extent, or end of action.
The accusative signifies that the object referred to is considered as the point toward which something is proceeding: that it is the end of the action or motion described, or the space traversed in such motion or direction.”
The root meaning embraces three ideas: the end, or direction, or extent of motion or action. But any of these is employed to indicate the limit of the action, and hence we may define the root meaning of the accusative as limitation.[83]
The accusative case is used to express “extent of space or time, answering the question how far? or how long? (M 167)
9.1.1.1.2.1. Accusative Case—Dana & Mantey
Dana & Mantey categorize the accusative case into six (6) categories:
1.Direct Object. The primary idea is limitation of the action of the main verb. “To what extent?”
2.Adverbial Accusative. In performing its limiting function, it may not directly complement the verb, but qualify it in an indirect way. It limits by indicating a fact indirectly related to the action rather than an object directly affected by the action.
a. Of Measure. This is the accusative of “time during which.” Often much like the locative, but with a sense of duration or extension not possible for the locative. When the accusative is used to indicate a point of time, it is part of a continuous period implied in the context. This implication is not possible of the locative. Answers the question: “How long or how far or how many?”
b. Of Manner. “In what way”?
c. Of Reference. The accusative used with the infinitive is not properly the “subject” of the infinitive, but is an accusative of reference used to describe “the person connected with the action”
3.The Cognate Accusative. When the accusative of the direct object contains the same idea signified by the verb, it is called a cognate accusative. Here the limits set by the accusative are coextensive with the significance of the verb, the use being for emphasis.
4.The Double Accusative. Some verbs require more than one object to complete their meaning. Such are those which take:
a. A personal and impersonal object.
b. A direct and predicate object.
5.Accusative Absolute. Sometimes an accusative, with or without a participle, is set off in a sort of explanatory way grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence. This use is very rare in the NT.
6.Accusative of Oaths. In NT, I adjure, is regularly followed by two accusatives. This is similar to the double accusative
9.1.1.1.2.2. Accusative Case—Chapman
The accusative case can, according to Chapman,[84] be categorized into 10 classes:[85]
1. Direct Object. This is the most frequent use of the accusative case.[86] An object of a transient verb is placed in the accusative case.[87]
2. General Reference. The subject of an infinitive, or the person to whom the action refers, is put in the accusative (unless it is the same as the subject of the verb).
3. Double. There may be two objects in the accusative. An object and a predicate may both be in the accusative.
4. Cognate. A direct object with the same meaning as its verb can be in the accusative.
5. Verbal Subject. Some passive verbs retain their subjects in the accusative.
6. Extent of Time or Space. The accusative indicates the extent of time or space required by something.
7. Oaths. The accusative is used with oaths.
8. Adverb. The accusative may denote the manner in which something is done.
9. Reference. A noun in the accusative is sometimes to be translated, “with reference to …”
10. Absolute. An accusative is sometimes, though rarely, without apparent grammatical relation to the sentence. Compare the genitive absolute.
What can we learn from the ‘genitive’? It’s the:
1. Case of definition or description
2. It’s a functional adjective
3. It limits the substantive (‘the name’) … thus it’s not just any name (like Moses, or Paul), but specifically the name of the ‘Father’, etc.
4. It is similar to: an adjective
5. Adjective. But more emphatic than an adjective.[88]
6. Accusative: Limits as to extent
7. Genitive: Limits as to kind.[89]
8. It’s employed to qualify the meaning of a preceding noun[90] (i.e., the ‘name’).
9. The genitive shows in what more definite sense the preceding noun (the ‘name’) is to be taken.[91]
10. The genitive does not set “arbitrary” limits or “incidental” limits, but “ESSENTIAL” limits.
11. It presents that which has “some obvious point of affinity with the term defined.”[92]
Nature of Prepositions: Prepositions are very critical. They are used to make the relation of two nouns more vivid than what an adjective would provide. Prepositions are words used as an aid in the expression of substantive relations.[93] The preposition is the chief device for representing case distinctions.
9.1.1.2.2. Function of Prepositions
Function of Prepositions: Adverbs qualify the action, motion, or state of verbs as to manner, place, time, and extent. Prepositions do this also. However, prepositions also mark the Direction and Relative Position of the action, motion, or state expressed by the verb. Prepositions help verbs express more specifically their relation to substantives. They express more exactly and effectively the very distinctions for which cases were created.[94]
When it is desired to make a functional relation between the noun and its context more vivid than can be done by inflection…a preposition is used. (as is the case here).[95]
Ø Thus we can assert that the use of preposition here makes the relation between the “name” and “the Father, etc.” more vivid than just saying the “Father’s name”
Ø Again we can say the prepositional phrase “of the Father …” is really telling something VIVID about its noun (“in the name”) as opposed to saying something about the participle (baptizing). It’s telling something about the name, not telling something about baptism.
9.1.1.3.1. Agreement with Nouns they Modify
Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify, in gender, number and case.[96]
9.1.1.3.2. The Attributive and Predicate Positions
Predicate vs. Attributive Positions: What do we know about the predicate position as opposed to the attributive position? An adjective in the attributive position ascribes a quality to the noun, which it modifies. An adjective in the predicate position makes an assertion about the noun, which it modifies. The predicate “presents an additional statement, is indeed the main point, while the attributive is an incidental description of the substantive about which the statement is made.”[97]
9.1.1.3.3. Function of Adjectives
Function of adjective: The adjective (panta) distinguishes or qualifies a noun
Pronouns stand in the place of the nouns they replace.
9.1.1.3.5. Agreement of Pronoun
A pronoun agrees with its substantive antecedent in gender and number. Case is determined by clause.
9.1.1.3.6. Personal Pronouns in Nominative Case
Personal pronouns are not used in the nominative case UNLESS there is emphasis on them
The reason for this rule is that the ending of the verb indicates sufficiently whether the subject is first, second, or third person. The personal pronoun (in this case humeis) is “not put in unless there is emphasis upon it.”[98]
9.1.1.3.7. Personal Reflexive Pronoun autous
The personal pronouns are … the third person being expressed by the intensive pronoun autos.[99]
Personal Pronouns: third person declension: [100] §97 (3) “A pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number.”
Further uses of autos.[101] “In addition to its use as a personal pronoun of the third person, autos is also used as follows: (3) In its intensive use it often goes with pronouns or with the unexpressed subject of a verb.”
(2) The Objective Uses of the Personal Pronoun. “It is in the oblique cases (i.e., genitive, ablative, dative, locative, instrumental, accusative) that we find the abundance of personal pronouns in the New Testament. … They appear in practically all the various uses of the oblique cases.”[102]
Per Dana & Mantey, p. 135, under §143 Indefinite Pronoun (5) Alternate Use (i). “Regularly pronouns take their grammatical form from a substantive antecedent expressed or understood. Sometimes, in stead of direct agreement with the grammatical form of an expressed antecedent, we have logical agreement, in some instances with actual or assumed sex, rather than grammatical gender (Matt 28:19)…”
When relative pronoun is drawn to case of the antecedent, it is known as direct attraction.
When the antecedent is drawn to the case of the relative pronoun (rare), it is known as indirect attraction.
9.1.1.4.1. Nature of the Article
The basal nature of the article. The genius of the article is clearly revealed in its use with infinitives, adverbs, phrases, clauses, or even whole sentences. There is no English usage or equivalent even remotely similar to this. We never use the article with anything other than a substantive, and then only to mark definiteness. When we encounter this wide usage of the article in Greek, we are ‘so to speak “swamped in Greek.”’[103] The use of the article marks out the object of the article “as a single identity.”[104]
9.1.1.4.2. Function of the Article
The basal function of the article is to point out individual identity. It does more than mark out an object as one definitely conceived, for a substantive in Greek is definite without the article. The article, which is always more or less demonstrative in force, fixes a floating adjective or substantive. Since the Greek noun has an intrinsic definiteness about it, the article does more than merely ascribe definiteness. The article is place there by the writer for a reason. The exegete needs to ascertain that reason. The article marks contrast and not mere definiteness.
9.1.1.4.3. Form of the Article
The Article-Basic Form: When IDENTITY is prominent, we find the article; and when quality or character is stressed, the construction is anarthrous (without the article).[105] The articular construction emphasizes identity; the anarthrous construction emphasizes character.[106] The use of the article has everywhere its positive reason.[107]
9.1.1.4.4. Regular Uses of the Article
9.1.1.4.4.1. Regular Uses of the Article: with a particular object.
Ø To Denote Previous Reference. To point out an object whose identity has been previously defined.
Ø With Abstract Nouns. Abstract nouns are general and indefinite in character. The article applies a sense of some special and distinct quality to the abstract noun.
Ø With Proper Names. Without the article, the emphasis is on the name as a designation rather than the identity of the individual indicated by the name. With the article, it refers to a particular person.
Ø Generic Use. With a noun represents a class or a group.
Ø With Pronouns.
Ø With Other Parts of Speech.
Ø Special Uses of the Article.
With Nouns Connected by kai—Granville Sharp Rule. Here the timeless Granville Sharp rule still proves to be true: “When the copulative καί connects two nouns of the same case, if the article ό or any of its cases precedes the first of the said nouns or participles, and is not repeated before the second noun or participle, the latter always relates to the same person that is expressed or described by the first noun or participle; i.e., it denotes a further description of the first-named person.
Note: A corollary of this rule would be, “if the article is repeated before another noun in the same case which is being connected by καί, it is not referring to the same person, but the article clearly identifies another person. See especially, The Article with God.
As a Pronoun.
In this use, it is not strictly speaking an article, but is restored to its original pronominal use.
Ø Demonstrative Pronoun. The article may have the full force of a demonstrative pronoun.
Ø With μέν and δὲ. Used with μέν and δὲ as an alternative pronoun.
Ø Possessive Pronoun. Frequently used practically as a possessive pronoun.
Ø The Repetition of the Article With Some Word or Phrase. Is used for emphasis, where the article functions with more than its ordinary force, and appears as a mild relative pronoun.
With the Subject in a Copulative Sentence.
The article sometimes distinguishes the subject from the predicate in a copulative sentence. In John 1:1, καὶ θεός ή̀ν ό λόγος, and the word was deity. Here the article points out the subject. The word was not ALL of God, as it would mean if the article were also used with θεός. As it stands, the other persons of the Trinity may be implied in θεός as well.
9.1.1.5.1. Importance of Gender
Gender is often overlooked in the grammars as not carrying much importance. However, even a beginning student can’t help but ask the question, “Why is one noun masculine and another feminine or neuter? Is there any rhyme or reason to this classification?” I believe the answer is yes. If one examines nouns carefully, with an eye towards their gender, one will find that almost without exception, masculine nouns describe or identify items that are concrete or material in nature. Feminine nouns are likewise, almost without exception, conceptual in nature. Neuter nouns are not identified either way.
An example will help clarify this. Consider the Greek words for house—there are two words: 1) oikos; and 2) oikia. The first, oikos, is masculine; the second, oikia, is feminine. How do these differ? When do you use one or the other? What does one signify as opposed to the other?
Oikos (masc) describes the material, physical features of a house: the roof, the doors, the walls, the windows, etc. These are things one can touch, weigh, feel, measure, and examine physically.
Oikia (fem), on the other hand, describes the “life going on in the house or emanating from the house.” This is an intangible, but nonetheless a very real part of the overall nature of a house. We might drive by a house and hear a lot of laughter coming out of the house, and we would say, “That is a happy house.” Alternately we might drive by and see a black wreath on the door and we would say, “That is a sad house, or a house in mourning.” We can’t weight, measure physically or otherwise examine the amount of feeling or emotion associated with a house, but it is nevertheless a very real concept that can be discussed, written about and communicated to another person.
9.1.2.1. VOICE, PERSON, NUMBER
9.1.2.2.1. General Nature of Mood
Mood is the way in which an action is conceived with reference to reality: basically that which is actual and that which is possible. The indicative is the mood, which denotes the verbal idea as actual. The subjunctive, optative and imperative are the moods of possible action. Whether the verbal idea is objectively a fact or not is not the point; mood represents the way in which the matter is conceived, especially from the viewpoint of the speaker. It represents an attitude of mind on the part of the speaker[108]
Ø Indicative
Ø Subjunctive
Ø Optative
Ø Imperative
As a subcategory of mood, the imperative mood is the mood of command or entreaty—the mood of volition. It is the genius of the imperative mood to express the appeal of will to will. In ordinary linguistic communication the primary appeal is from intellect to intellect, but in the imperative one will addresses another. It does not express probability or possibility, but intention. It is therefore the furthest removed from reality.[109] Where the mind purposes the realization of a possible action through the exercise of the will upon an intermediate agent and conditioned upon the agent’s response—being volitionally possible—the imperative is used.[110]
9.1.2.2.2.2. Nature of the Imperative Mood
The Imperative mood indicates the action contemplated. Normally the imperative carried with it the forcible tone of command. The ancient Greeks so regarded it, and hence never employed the imperative in communication with superiors. This fact makes it significant that the imperative is so abundant in the New Testament. The apostles and their associates did not regard it as appropriate to address their readers “with carefully softened commands; and in the imperial edicts of Him who ‘taught with authority,’ and the ethical exhortations of men who spoke in His name, we find naturally a large proportion of imperatives.”[111]
9.1.2.2.2.3. Classes of Imperative Mood
According to Dana & Mantey, there are four (4) classes of imperative mood:
1. The Imperative of Command. This is where one will makes a direct, positive appeal to
2. The Imperative of Prohibition. This is essentially a negative command.
3. The Imperative of Entreaty. Here the force of urgency or request is more in view than the finality of a command.
4. The Imperative of Permission. The command signified by the imperative may be in compliance with an expressed desire or a manifest inclination on the part of the one who is the object of the command, thus involving consent as well as command.
Participle Tense: The tense of the participle is relative to the time of the leading verb (in this case matheteusate).
9.1.2.3.1.1. Present Participle
The present participle indicating kind of action taking place as continuous < ---- >. If the main verb is in the indicative mood, then time of action will also be indicated and it will be at the same time as the action denoted by the leading verb, regardless of whether the action of the leading verb is past, present or future tense.
9.1.2.3.1.2. Aorist Participle
The aorist participle indicates kind of action as being punctiliar < ● >. If the main verb is in the indicative mood, then time of action will also be indicated, and it will be at a time taking place prior to (antecedent to) the action denoted by the leading verb.
Furthermore, as a participle, it closely relates to the (in this case) unexpressed subject of the sentence.
If the tense of the main verb is other than the indicative (in this case the main verb is imperative), then the tense of the participle will only address the KIND of action. When the main verb is in the indicative mood, then the tense of the participle will also address the TIME of the action, and this time will be relative to the time of the main verb.
No element of the Greek language is of more importance than the matter of tense. A variation in meaning exhibited by the use of a particular tense will often dissolve what appears to be an embarrassing difficulty, or reveal a gleam of truth, which will thrill the heart with delight and inspiration.[112]
Tense Categories:
The verb expresses action. There are two elements to action:
kind of action: Kind is the chief function or consideration in the verb tense. Kind can be of three types:
Ø Continuous action = present tense (-------);
Ø Occurring/punctiliar action = aorist ( ● ); and
Ø Completed action = perfect (●------)
time of action. Time of action is but a minor consideration. Time is only involved in the indicative mood. When time is involved, there are three classes of time:
Past;
Present; and
Future.
9.1.2.3.2.2. Aorist and Present Tenses Compared
Aorist and Present Tenses compared: The Greek writer instinctively knew what tense to use in expressing an idea accurately. The more one studies Greek the more this conviction grows. Often a writer will use a certain verb repeatedly and then suddenly change the tense. Why? Because he was acutely conscious of the distinctive force of each tense in expressing the state of an action, the play being entirely upon whether the action is punctiliar—viewed as a single whole—or whether it is the opposite, continuous or repeated.[113]
Fundamentally denotes action as occurring, without reference to its progress temporally. It denotes an event as a single whole, without regarding the time taken in its accomplishment.[114] It describes action as simply happening without any distinct statement of progress or completion.[115] It is the indefinite tense (α̉όριστος, aorist = unlimited). It has no special temporal significance; it’s time relations being found only in the indicative, where it is used in the past tense (and thus augmented in form). The aorist signifies nothing as to completeness, but simply presents the action as attained. It states the fact of an action or event.
9.1.2.3.2.4. Aorist Tense Categories—Dana & Mantey:
According to Dana & Mantey, the aorist tense has three regular categories and three special use categories:
Regular Categories:
1. The Constantive Aorist. This is the basic force of the aorist. It views the action in its entirety. It takes the occurrence and, regardless of its extent of duration, gathers it into a single whole. It may be graphically represented by < ● >.
2. The Ingressive Aorist. It views action at its beginning or entrance into a state or condition. It may be graphically represented by ● > ------
3. The Cumulative Aorist. It views the action in its entirety but to regard it from the viewpoint of existing results. Here one usually finds verbs of effort or process, and the aorist denotes the attainment of the end of such effort or process. It may be graphically represented by ----------< ●
Special Uses Categories Of Aorist:[116]
The Gnomic Aorist.
Very similar to the Cumulative Aorist, this views a generally accepted fact or truth as so fixed in its certainty that it may be regarded as completed in character and described as though it were an actual occurrence.
The Epistolary Aorist.
At times a Greek writer would place himself at the viewpoint of the reader and use an aorist indicative in stating an act or event, which, in matter of fact, was actually present or yet future to him. Here the writer looks at the event and even though it is present or future to him, he looks at it as a completed event through the eyes of his reader.
The Dramatic Aorist.
Here the writer states a present reality with the certitude of a past event. This idiom is used for emphasis.
9.1.2.3.2.5. Aorist Tense Categories—Chapman:
Chapman has 5 categories in which to class the aorist:
1. Historical. This is the tense used for narrative as a matter of course. The writer uses the aorist when he wants merely to state that something has happened, without specifying or emphasizing the kind of action. Here there is no reference to either the progress of the action or its completion; it only states that it happened.
2. Inceptive. The context may make clear that the writer was focusing on the beginning of an action. (This is similar to Dana & Mantey’s Ingressive Aorist).
3. Culminative. The aorist may have in view the end of the action. Note: this is identical with Dana & Mantey’s Cumulative Aorist
4. Epistolary Aorist. Sometimes a writer took the viewpoint of his reader and considered a future action as past. This is identical to Dana & Mantey’s Epistolary Aorist.
5. Dramatic Aorist. The aorist on a rare occasion expresses a state of mind just reached or a present fact as past (for dramatic effect). This is similar to Dana & Mantey’s Dramatic Aorist.
9.1.2.4.1. Nature of the Infinitive
The infinite is a verbal noun.
The infinitive is closely connected with the verb (as opposed to the participle which is closely connected to the noun).
The infinitive contemplates action as potential (as opposed to the participle which contemplates action as real).
The infinitive is a substantive that expresses an act or state.
9.1.2.4.2. Verbal Uses of the Infinitive
The infinitive is used as a verb in the following ways:
Ø Purpose
Ø Result
Ø Time
Ø Cause
Ø Command
9.1.2.4.3. Noun Uses of the Infinitive
The infinitive can be used as:
Ø Subject
Ø Object
Ø Indirect Object
Ø Instrumental
Ø Apposition
Ø Modifier
9.1.2.4.4. Characteristics of the Infinitive
As a noun, the infinitive has case, takes prepositions, can be a subject, can be an object, modifies other words, takes the article, and can be qualified by adjectives. Note: it is indeclinable with fixed dative endings, but is used in the nominative or accusative case.
As a verb, the infinitive has voice, tense, takes objectives, and can be qualified by adverbs.
9.1.2.4.5. Agreement of the Infinitive
9.1.2.5.1. Nature of Participle
Participle Nature: Participles are verbal adjectives.
Being adjectives, they have gender, case and number; and like other adjectives, they agree in gender, case and number with the nouns they modify.
On the other hand, since they partake of the nature of verbs, (a) they have tense and voice, (b) they receive, like other parts of a verb, adverbial modifiers, and (c) if they are participles of a transitive verb, they can take a direct object.
9.1.2.5.2. Participle and Infinitive Compared
Participle vs. Infinitive:
The nature of the participle contrasted with the infinitive is:
Ø Infinitive = verbal noun[117]; Participle = verbal adjective
Ø Infinitive = closely connected w/ verb; Participle = closely connected w/ subject or object
Ø Infinitive = contemplates action as potential; Participle = contemplates action as real
Ø Infinitive is used when the real object of governing verb is an act or state; Participle is used when the real object is a person or thing whose act or state is described by the participle.[118]
9.1.2.5.3. Tense of Participle
Participle Tense: The tense of the participle is relative to the time of the leading verb (in this case matheteusate).
The present participle indicating action as taking place at the same time as the action denoted by the leading verb, regardless of whether the action of the leading verb is past, present or future tense.
The aorist participle indicates action as taking place prior to (antecedent to) the action denoted by the leading verb.
Furthermore, as a participle, it closely relates to the (in this case) unexpressed subject of the sentence.
If the tense of the main verb is other than the indicative (in this case the main verb is imperative), then the tense of the participle will only address the KIND of action. When the main verb is in the indicative mood, then the tense of the participle will also address the TIME of the action, and this time will be relative to the time of the main verb.
9.1.2.5.4. Agreement of the Participle
The participle agrees with the substantive it modifies in Gender, Case and Number.
9.1.2.6.1. General Nature of Adverbs
Adverbs regularly modify the meanings of verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and in rare instances substantives. In contrast, adjectives are used almost exclusively with substantives.[119]
Adverbs are used to express relationships of time, place, manner, and degree.
Adverbs answering such natural questions as:
Ø When?
Ø Where?
Ø How?
Ø How much? And sometimes…
Ø To what extent?
Thus…
Ø νυ̃ν, now
Ø ὲκει̃, there
Ø καλω̃ς, well
Ø πόσον, how much
Ø τω̃ν ὺπερλίαν ὰποστόλων, apostles exceedingly or prominent apostles
In a broad non-technical sense, all prepositions, conjunctions, particles, and interjections are adverbs. For example, the preposition is an adverb specialized to define the case usage.[120] Conjunctions express adverbial ideas in relation to clauses, whereas adverbs in a narrower sense express such ideas only in relation to words. The particles are adverbial in their origin as well as in their usage, however they function in a definite field of Greek usage, and so need a separate name. Interjections are frequently just adverbs used in exclamation.
Conjunctions are words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases, and words with each other. Some conjunctions are colorless; others introduce new meaning in addition to being a connective.[121] The turning point or direction of a thought is usually indicated by a conjunction.
Conjunctions express adverbial ideas in relation to clauses, whereas adverbs in the narrower sense express such ideas only in relation to words.[122]
The nature of oun is very critical to understanding the Greek text in which it occurs. It should be noted that J.R. Mantey wrote his doctor’s thesis on The Meaning of Oun in John’s Writings.[123] Oun occurs 496 times in NT. There are five (5) various manners in which Oun is used:
1. Inferential (200 times): Translated as therefore, so, consequently, then. When inferential, the inference is expressed by the main verb in the sentence, not by a verb in a subordinate clause nor by an infinitive nor a participle.[124]
2. Transitional, Continuative or Resumptive (170 times): Translated then indicating a succession of either time or events under this classification. The word now indicating continuation of a subject from one thought to another, the introduction of a new phrase of thought, or of an explanation.
3. Responsive (~30 times—all in John’s gospel): Translated as reply, in response, or in turn.
4. Emphatic or Intensive Particle (~65 times): Translated as really, be sure, to be sure, surely, by all means, indeed, very, really above all, certainly, in fact.
5. Adversative (~31 times): Translated as however..
9.1.2.8.1. General Nature of Clauses
Clauses are a way of using many words to convey a meaning that we cannot convey in just a single word.[125]
Conjunctions express adverbial ideas in relation to clauses, whereas adverbs in the narrower sense express such ideas only in relation to words.[126]
9.1.2.8.2. Structure
Compound sentence = two or more clauses connected in a coordinate relation. Features: no clause is subordinate to another, but all are in coordinate or paratactic (arranged alongside) relation.
Complex sentence = When one clause is subordinate to another, the relation is hypotactic (arranged under)
Connective words commonly link one clause with the other. The lack of a connective is called asyndeton (not bound together).
A clause many sustain the relation of a substantive, and be used as the subject or object of a verb.
A clause may function as an adjective and be used to modify a noun.
A clause may serve as an adverb
9.1.2.9.1. The Nature of Relative Clauses
A “relative” is a word by means of which a complete expression of one idea is connected in sense with the complete expression of another idea. This can occur in either compound or complex sentences.
Relatives may be pronouns; e.g., os and ostis; or adverbs, e.g., ews and ws.
9.1.2.9.2. Uses of Relative Clauses
The relative pronoun does not determine mood. The general relation of the clause to its context determines mood.
Relatives embrace two moods: indicative and subjunctive.
The definite relative is usually found with the indicative. The indefinite relative is usually found with the subjunctive.
9.1.2.10.1. Nature of Purpose Clauses
A purpose clause expresses the aim of the action denoted by the main verb. This aim can be either:
Ø Deliberate design, or
Ø It may be a matter of general direction, or
Ø It may be contemplated results
Consequently, purpose clauses may exhibit various shades of meaning, ranging from deliberate design to mere tendency or result.
9.1.2.10.2. Classes of Purpose Clauses
Pure Final Clauses. Those which express a distinct purpose conceived as the aim of the action indicated in the principal verb.
Semi-final Clauses. Those that denote a direction of the action in the main verb toward a given result, which result is sought or anticipated.
9.1.2.10.3. Construction of Purpose Clauses
By ina and opws, meaning that, in order that; or, a negative purpose, by ina me, that not, lest. The subjunctive occurs regularly, and the future indicative occasionally.
By simple infinitive.
The infinitive with tou
By the accusative of the articular infinitive with eis and pros; and very rarely also by ws and wste without the article.
By the relative with the future indicative or the subjunctive.
By the future and, rarely, the present participle.
9.1.2.13.1. Adjectives modify their antecedent nouns:
9.1.2.13.2. Adjectives agree with their antecedents in …
9.1.2.13.3. kai … kai (M71) Both .. and
Nature of Participle
The participle is a verbal adjective; the infinitive = verbal noun.
On the other hand it (participle) has no subject, as a finite verb (e.g., and indicative) would have; for the noun which denotes the person represented as performing the action denoted by the participle, is not the subject of the participle, but the noun with which the participle, like any other adjective, agrees. (M. 104).
Participles: Literal translations:
Often is “quite impossible to translate the participle literally. … It is necessary, therefore, to give up all attempts at translating the participle “literally”. Instead, we must express the idea, which is expressed by the Greek participle in an entirely different way – by the use of a temporal clause. When such temporal clauses are used to translate a Greek present participle they are usually introduced by while. Such a free translation would have been better than the literal translation …” (M 105)]
Aorist Participle Denoting Same Act as Leading Verb.
The aorist participle is sometimes used to denote the same act as the leading verb. … Properly speaking the tenses in the participle do not have to do with time, and their fundamental, non-temporal character appears in usage now under discussion. (M 206).
Eis: EIS with the accusative
Eis with the accusative is not like en with the dative ... meaning “in.”
“the Greek language merely looks at the act of believing in a different way from the English; Greek thinks of putting one’s faith into some one.”[127]
Emphasis by contrast (M 49)
[1] Hodge p. 14.
[2] Hodge p. 14.
[3] Hodge p. 14.
[4] Hodge p. 14.
[5] Hodge p. 14.
[6] Hodge p. 14.
[7] Hodge p. 15.
[8] Hodge p. 15.
[9] Hodge p. 15.
[10] Dana & Mantey p. 174.
[11] Dana & Mantey p. 166.
[12] Dana & Mantey p. 176.
[13] Dana & Mantey, p. 300.
[14] Machen p. 180.
[15] Machen p. 35.
[16] See AGLR §V, Table E (b), and pg 115.
[17] For a discussion on Attributive and Predicate positions, see Machen p. 36 ff & Dana & Mantey p151ff.
[18] Mantey, J.R. (June 1923). Expositor: “Unusual Meanings for Prepositions in the Greek New Testament.” London. As quoted in Dana & Mantey, p. 104.
[19] AGLR p. xi.
[20] Dana & Mantey p. 129
[21] Machen p53 §104.
[22] Dana & Mantey p 53.
[23] Machen p. 53.
[24] Note: this is a very critical point. The object of eis is “the name”. This “name” is singular. Thus we must conclude that baptism is not into three persons, even if they are the three persons of the Trinity as spelled out subsequently, BUT into ONE NAME. This is a critical matter that Hodge did not address in his exegesis of Matt 28:19,20.
[25] It is crucial to the question at hand, namely triune baptism, to note that the object of the baptism is INTO THE NAME (singular), not into the Father or the Son or the Holy Spirit. This distinction is absolutely critical to understanding what Jesus had in mind in this instruction to His followers.
[26] As contrasted by Hodge as being into three persons. The Greek text clearly leaves no alternative for what the nations are being baptized “into” but “the Name”.
[27] Adapted from the Table: Prepositional Meanings Classified, Dana & Mantey p. 114.
[28] Dana & Mantey p. 103ff.
[29] Taken from PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS CLASSIFIED in Dana & Mantey p. 114.
[30] One does not need to stretch very far to realize that being “outside the Name” is synonymous with being unregenerate—not born again, not placed into the body of Christ, not having entered the door of the sheepfold by faith in Christ, or any of a myriad of other pictures that explain what the new birth is all about.
[31] The nations (ta ethna) are outside (Q. of what? A. The name) and they must pass through some door (and we know from other scriptures that door is Christ—“I am the way”…) and enter into (Q. What? A. The name)
[32] Even though the three persons of the Trinity, as we shall see in the following text, all share that same ‘singular’ name. It is ‘the Name’ that Jesus has in focus as the object into which these nations are being baptized.
[33] Exodus 6:3
[34] Gen 22:14
[35] Dana & Mantey p. 137.
[36] Dana & Mantey p. 137-138.
[37] Dana & Mantey p. 138.
[38] Dana & Mantey p. 138.
[39] Dana & Mantey p. 140. If you turn to Rom 8:1ff and apply this principle, you will find how illuminating it becomes in actual interpretation.
[40] Dana & Mantey p. 140, quoting (Buttmann: Grammar of New Testament Greek. 88).
[41] Dana & Mantey p. 139-140.
[42] Webster (1864). P. 29. Quoted in Dana & Mantey p. 140.
[43] Dana & Mantey p. 140.
[44] Dana & Mantey p. 249ff. The first three are commonly accepted. D&M add two more, the adversative and the emphatic.
[45] Machen p. 71.
[46] Yes, the Holy Spirit also shares this Name, and we’ll get to it in the next phrase.
[47] An adjective in the Predicate Position, on the other hand, would ‘make an assertion’ about the noun it modifies.
[48] Robertson P. 656. Quoted in Dana & Mantey, p. 118.
[49] Dana & Mantey p35
[50] Dana & Mantey p53
[51] Dana & Mantey p. 218.
[52] Dana & Mantey p. 125, 126.
[53] Machen p. 164.
[54] AGLR p. xiii and p. 293.
[55] “for” = eis: literally means “into”. Here the main thought would be .. be baptized into (the Name consistent with salvation). This precludes any thought of being baptized ‘for the purpose of’ sins being remitted. This is not purpose, but direction towards.
[56] How could you be baptized ‘into’ the Holy Spirit (as in triune immersion) if the Holy Spirit is the one baptizing you into the body of Christ?
[57] N.B. Here all three persons of the Trinity are involved in the baptism of Jesus. How would triune immersion make sense in this context? For example, how would Jesus be baptized into His own self or name?
[58] N.B. here the formula for identification with God through baptism only includes the ‘formula’ … “be baptized in the name of Jesus.” If triune baptism were critical, would it not be spelled out here, unless the Bible makes mistakes, which we do not believe.
[59] Here, during this transitional period of the new church, the Samaritans were being included into the body of Christ in a manner consistent with the Jews in the earlier part of Acts. Because of the animosity between the Jews and Samaritans, there was need to ensure they were coming under the apostolic authority and receiving the Holy Spirit the same as the Jews did earlier. The presence of the leaders of the church ensured the new church was maintaining unified order as it grew out from being Jewish, to encompassing the nations of the world.
[60] Katebainw = down; eis = into: both adverbs convey a strong sense of direction. This indicates they went down into (and were completely inside) the water.
[61] Anebesan = up-bring; ek = out of: both adverbs convey a strong sense of direction, indicating they came up out of being surrounded by the water. Very strong evidence for baptism by complete immersion.
[62] Here the Holy Spirit had already fallen on the Gentiles, just as on the Jews earlier in Acts. When the Jews who were with Peter saw this, they were amazed that the same thing had happened to the Gentiles (ta ethne) as had happened to them. Peter then asks why can’t they be baptized? No reason was given, and so he ‘orders’ them to be baptized ὲν τω̃ ὸνοματι Ὶησου̃ Χριστου̃ βαπτισθη̃ναι, in the name of Jesus Christ be baptized. This is strong evidence that being baptized in the name of Jesus only, is sufficient to complete true baptism.
[63] How could you be baptized into the Holy Spirit, when the Holy Spirit Himself is baptizing you into the body of Christ?
[64] Here again, baptism of these new Ephesian believers was into the name of Jesus. Paul endorsed this. This is continuing evidence that baptism into the name of Jesus is synonymous with baptism into the Father and into the Holy Spirit.
[65] Here again, Paul in his rhetorical argument identifies those who “have been baptized into Jesus” as legitimate believers who were also baptized into His death. Here baptism into Jesus (as opposed to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit) was considered sufficient for a true believer.
[66] Here there was a problem extant regarding the thought that some people were being baptized in Paul’s name. Perhaps Jesus anticipated this in His command in Matt 28:19, and clearly instructed that it was into the name of the Father, the name of the Son and the name of the Holy Spirit into which new believers were to be baptized, not in Paul’s name.
[67] Here is yet another possibility into which converts could be baptized, into the name of Moses.
[68] Here we get the idea that being baptized into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit is considered baptism into the “one body”
[69] Here again the idea of baptism into Christ is reinforced as sufficient for complete baptism for the true believer.
[70] Here the parallel clearly teaches one Lord and one baptism. There are not various baptisms with different modes, or one baptism with different modes. There is one baptism, and that one baptism has to be consistent with other scriptures already seen which show that baptism into Jesus Christ is sufficient for a true believer.
[71] Peter is not referring to water baptism here. The picture being painted is that 8 people went through the judgment of the flood and were unharmed, and the parallel is being drawn between that and the Christian escaping judgment through the salvation provided by Jesus.
[72] Doctrines of baptisms refer to basic Christian doctrine associated with the elementary teachings about Christ, futility of dead works, faith towards God, etc.
[73] Ex 6:3. Moses to God: What if they ask me what Your name is? God to Moses: “Tell them “I AM” has sent you.”
[74] Gen 22:14: Isaac, when Abraham is preparing to offer him up for sacrifice, asks him, “Where is the sacrifice?” to which Abraham answers, “JHWH JIREH” (Literally Jehovah Jireh or the Lord will provide).
[75] Cook p. 54.
[76] This error was because of a misinterpretation of Leviticus 24:16.
[77] Cook p. 54.
[78] Dana & Mantey, p. 65.
[79] Dana & Mantey, p. 66.
[80] Machen. P. 167.
[81] Machen, p. 138.
[82] Machen, p. 195.
[83] Dana & Mantey, pp. 91-92.
[84] Chapman, B. (1978). Greek New Testament Insert. Baker Book House: Grand Rapids , MI. pp. 12-13.
[85] Note: these are essentially the same as Dana & Mantey’s categorization … just grouped differently.
[86] Chapman, p. 12-13.
[87] Machen p. 25.
[88] Dana & Mantey p. 62.
[89] Dana & Mantey p. 73.
[90] Dana & Mantey p. 73.
[91] Dana & Mantey p. 73.
[92] Dana & Mantey p. 74.
[93] Dana & Mantey p. 96.
[94] Dana & Mantey p. 97-98.
[95] Dana & Mantey p. 62, 63.
[96] Machen p. 35.
[97] Dana & Mantey p. 118.
[98] Machen p. 49.
[99] Dana & Mantey p. 122 §134.
[100] Machen p. 47.
[101] Machen p. 53.
[102] Dana & Mantey p. 123 §134 (2).
[103] Dana & Mantey p. 137-138.
[104] Dana & Mantey p. 138.
[105] Dana & Mantey p. 138.
[106] Dana & Mantey p. 140. If you turn to Rom 8:1ff and apply this principle, you will find how illuminating it becomes in actual interpretation.
[107] Dana & Mantey p. 140, quoting (Buttmann: Grammar of New Testament Greek. 88).
[108] Dana & Mantey p. 165.
[109] Dana & Mantey p. 174.
[110] Dana & Mantey p. 166.
[111] Dana & Mantey p. 176.
[112] Dana & Mantey p. 176.
[113] Dana & Mantey p. 194, 195.
[114] Dana & Mantey p. 194.
[115] Dana & Mantey p. 194 quoting Webster.
[116] Dana & Mantey p. 197-199.
[117] Dana & Mantey p. 220-222.
[118] Dana & Mantey p. 222.
[119] Dana & Mantey p. 234.
[120] Giles, as quoted in Dana & Mantey, p. 235.
[121] Dana & Mantey p. 239ff.
[122] Dana & Mantey p. 235.
[123] Dana & Mantey p. 252-258
[124] Dana & Mantey, p. 253 §233 (1). Oun is “… woefully mistranslated scores of times both in the AV and the RV because it was rendered only as inferential (cf. Jn. 18:24; 20:30; Lk. 14:34; Ac. 8:25).
[125] Dana & Mantey p. 269
[126] Dana & Mantey p. 235.
[127] Machen, pg. 85.
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